Special Issue Figures

NH = non-Hispanic origin. Figure presents data from the 2012–2022 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Since 2012, questions have been included in the NHIS that can identify women ages 18–49 who were pregnant anytime from August through March of an influenza season, whether they received an influenza vaccination during this influenza season, and whether it was before or during their pregnancy. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to calculate cumulative influenza vaccination coverage before and during pregnancy among women pregnant anytime from August through March for each influenza season from 2012 through 2022. NHIS data collected from August through July across 2 survey years were used to assess influenza vaccination coverage from July through March. For example, to calculate the percentage vaccinated during the 2012–2013 influenza season, interview data collected from August 2012 through July 2013 were analyzed, and respondents pregnant anytime from August 2012 from March 2013 were included in the analysis; respondents who reported receiving an influenza vaccination from July 2012 through June 2013 (before or during pregnancy) were considered vaccinated, with cumulative estimates through March 2013 being reported. Included as "Other, non-Hispanic" but not shown separately because of the small sample size are American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and those who reported more than one race. Fluctuations in influenza vaccination coverage observed by race and Hispanic origin may be because of small sample sizes in certain groups. Reporting standards were not met for Black, non-Hispanic women in 2013–2014, 2019–2020, and 2021–2022 and for Other, non-Hispanic women in 2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018; estimates are considered unreliable and are not reported. The influenza questions were changed in 2016. As a result, data for 2016 onward are not strictly comparable with earlier data. In 2019, the NHIS questionnaire was redesigned, and other changes were made to weighting and design methodology. Therefore, data for 2019 onward are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. An exception for combining data across the redesign was made for the influenza vaccination data because the influenza season runs from July to March. For more information on the 2019 NHIS redesign, see https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/about/2019-questionnaire-redesign.html.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.

NOTE: Figure presents data from National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) years 2012–2022. Since 2012, the NHIS can identify women ages 18–49 who were pregnant anytime during August through March of an influenza season, whether they received an influenza vaccination during this influenza season, and whether it was before or during their pregnancy. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to calculate cumulative influenza vaccination coverage before and during pregnancy among women pregnant anytime during August–March for each influenza season from 2012 through 2022. NHIS data collected during August–July across two survey years were used to assess influenza vaccination coverage during July–March. For example, to calculate the percent vaccinated during the 2012–2013 influenza season, interview data collected during August 2012–July 2013 were analyzed, and respondents pregnant anytime during August 2012–March 2013 were included in the analysis; respondents who reported receiving an influenza vaccination during July 2012–June 2013 (before or during pregnancy) were considered vaccinated, with cumulative estimates through March 2013 being reported. High school diploma or less includes women with no education or any education through high school graduation as well as GED or equivalent. Some college, no degree includes women who have taken some college-level classes after high school but have not yet earned a college degree. College degree includes women who have completed an associate degree or a bachelor's degree. More than a college degree includes women who have earned a master's degree, a professional school degree, or a doctoral degree. Reporting standards were not met for women with some college, no degree in 2021–2022; estimate is considered unreliable and is not reported. The influenza questions were changed in 2016. As a result, data for 2016 onward are not strictly comparable with earlier data. In 2019, the NHIS questionnaire was redesigned, and other changes were made to weighting and design methodology. Therefore, data for 2019 onward are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. An exception for combining data across the redesign was made for the influenza vaccination data because the influenza season runs from July to March. For more information on the 2019 NHIS redesign, see https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/about/2019-questionnaire-redesign.html.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.

Figure presents data from National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) years 2012–2022. Since 2012, the questions have been included in the NHIS that can identify women ages 18–49 who were pregnant anytime during August through March of an influenza season, whether they received an influenza vaccination during this influenza season, and whether it was before or during their pregnancy. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to calculate cumulative influenza vaccination coverage before and during pregnancy among women pregnant anytime during August–March for each influenza season from 2012 through 2022. NHIS data collected during August–July across two survey years were used to assess influenza vaccination coverage during July–March. For example, to calculate the percent vaccinated during the 2012–2013 influenza season, interview data collected during August 2012–July 2013 were analyzed, and respondents pregnant anytime during August 2012–March 2013 were included in the analysis; respondents who reported receiving an influenza vaccination during July 2012–June 2013 (before or during pregnancy) were considered vaccinated, with cumulative estimates through March 2013 being reported. Any public includes women covered by Medicaid, Medicare, or a state-sponsored or other government-sponsored health plan. Private or military includes women who do not have public coverage but who have a military plan or any comprehensive private insurance plan (including health maintenance organizations and preferred provider organizations). These plans include those obtained through an employer, purchased directly, purchased through local or community programs, or purchased through the Health Insurance Marketplace or a state-based exchange. This classification of military plans differs from that of the National Center for Health Statistics, which classifies military plans as public insurance. The influenza questions were changed in 2016. As a result, data for 2016 onward are not strictly comparable with earlier data. In 2019, the NHIS questionnaire was redesigned, and other changes were made to weighting and design methodology. Therefore, data for 2019 onward are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. An exception for combining data across the redesign was made for the influenza vaccination data because the influenza season runs from July to March. For more information on the 2019 NHIS redesign, see https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/about/2019-questionnaire-redesign.html.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.

NH = non-Hispanic origin. Figure presents pooled data from the 2012–2022 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). NHIS data were pooled to increase the sample size for analysis. Since 2019, questions have been included in the NHIS that can identify women ages 18–49 who had a pregnancy that ended in a live birth during the past 12 months and whether they received a Tdap vaccine during this pregnancy. The revised 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards on race and ethnicity were used to classify persons into one of the following five racial groups: White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. Those reporting more than one race were classified as "Two or more races." Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected separately but combined for reporting. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Included in Other, NH but not shown separately are American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and "Two or more races," because of the small sample size. Fluctuations in vaccination coverage observed by race and Hispanic origin may be due to small sample sizes in certain groups. High school diploma or less includes women with no education or any education through high school graduation as well as GED or equivalent. Some college, no degree includes women who have taken some college-level classes after high school but have not yet earned a college degree. College degree includes women who have completed an associate's degree or a bachelor's degree. More than college degree includes women who have earned a master's degree, a professional degree, or a doctoral degree. Any public health insurance includes women covered by Medicaid, Medicare, or a state-sponsored or other government-sponsored health plan. Private or military health insurance includes women who do not have public coverage but who have a military plan or any comprehensive private insurance plan (including health maintenance organizations and preferred provider organizations). These plans include those obtained through an employer, purchased directly, purchased through local or community programs, or purchased through the Health Insurance Marketplace or a state-based exchange. This classification of military plans differs from that of the National Center for Health Statistics, which classifies military plans as public insurance. The Office of Management and Budget classifies counties as within a metropolitan statistical areas (MSA). In this report, counties not classified as within an MSA are classified as nonmetropolitan. Nonmetropolitan counties may include small urban areas, as well as completely rural areas. Nonmetropolitan counties include counties in micropolitan statistical and rural areas.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey.

NOTE: Breastfeeding is defined as feeding at the breast or feeding expressed human milk; exclusive breastfeeding is defined as receiving only breast milk (no solids, water, or other liquids). Race and ethnicity are based on parent/guardian reported race and ethnicity of the child and categories reflecting the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) statistical standards for collecting and reporting race and ethnicity across federal agencies. Breastfeeding rates for children identified as Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic or American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic are not presented because of the uncertainty of the estimates as a result of small sample sizes. Chi-square tests were used to compare the differences between each subgroup and the reference that has the highest rate under the same stratum among 2020 births; weighted least-squares regressions were used to test the significance of breastfeeding trends within each subgroup for children born from 2010 to 2020. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Survey—Child.

NOTE: Breastfeeding is defined as feeding at the breast or feeding expressed human milk; exclusive breastfeeding is defined as receiving only breast milk (no solids, water, or other liquids). Maternal age is based on parent/guardian self-reported age. Breastfeeding rates for children with mothers aged <20 years are not presented due to the uncertainty of the estimates as a result of small sample sizes. Chi-square tests were used to compare the differences between each subgroup and the reference that has the highest rate under the same stratum among 2020 births;weighted least-squares regressions were used to test the significance of breastfeeding trends within each subgroup for children born from 2010 to 2020. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Survey—Child.

NOTE: Breastfeeding is defined as feeding at the breast or feeding expressed human milk; exclusive breastfeeding is defined as receiving only breast milk (no solids, water, or other liquids). Household income is based on parent/guardian self-report and is defined as a percentage of the federal poverty level (% FPL). Chi-square tests were used to compare the differences between each subgroup and the reference that has the highest rate under the same stratum among 2020 births; weighted least-squares regressions were used to test the significance of breastfeeding trends within each subgroup for children born from 2010 to 2020. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Survey—Child.

NOTE: Breastfeeding is defined as feeding at the breast or feeding expressed human milk; exclusive breastfeeding is defined as receiving only breast milk (no solids, water, or other liquids). Maternal education is based on parent/guardian self-report. Chi-square tests were used to compare the differences between each subgroup and the reference that has the highest rate under the same stratum among 2020 births; weighted least-squares regressions were used to test the significance of breastfeeding trends within each subgroup for children born from 2010 to 2020. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.

SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Survey—Child.

NOTE: Food-insecure households with children are those with low or very low food security among adults, children, or both. At times, they were unable to acquire adequate food for active, healthy living for all household members because they had insufficient money and other resources for food. Households with food-insecure children are those with low or very low food security among children. In these households, eating patterns of one or more children were disrupted, and their food intake was reduced below a level considered adequate by their caregiver.

SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Food Security Supplements, 2009–22; tabulated by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service and Food and Nutrition Service.

NOTE: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native; NH = non-Hispanic origin; NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. Self-reported postpartum depressive symptoms are ascertained by categorizing five responses ("always," "often," "sometimes," "rarely," and "never") from the following two questions adapted from the validated Patient Health Questionnaire-2 screening instrument: 1) "Since your new baby was born, how often have you felt down, depressed, or hopeless?" and 2) "Since your new baby was born, how often have you had little interest or little pleasure in doing things?" Women responding "always" or "often" to either question are classified as experiencing postpartum depressive symptoms. Women classified as not having symptoms must answer "sometimes," "rarely," or "never" to both questions. Race and Hispanic origin refer to the mother's race and Hispanic origin. The 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards for data on race and ethnicity were used to classify people into one of the following five racial groups: White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. All categories are single race. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected and reported separately. People of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Household poverty status is based on a definition of federal poverty level that incorporates information on family income, size, and composition and is calculated as a percentage of the U.S. Census Bureau's federal poverty thresholds.

SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS); Ohio Department of Health, Ohio Pregnancy Assessment Survey (OPAS); California Department of Public Health, Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (MIHA).

NOTE: NH = non-Hispanic origin; NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; AIAN = American Indian or Alaska Native. Low-risk cesarean rate is the number of singleton, term (37 or more completed weeks of gestation based on the obstetric estimate), cephalic, cesarean deliveries to women having a first birth per 100 women delivering singleton, term, cephalic, first births. Race and Hispanic origin refer to the mother's race and Hispanic origin. The 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards for data on race and ethnicity were used to classify people into one of the following five racial groups: White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. All categories are single race. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected and reported separately. People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System.

NOTE: Low-risk cesarean rate is the number of singleton, term (37 or more completed weeks of gestation based on the obstetric estimate), cephalic, cesarean deliveries to women having a first birth per 100 women delivering singleton, term, cephalic, first births.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

NOTE: NH = non-Hispanic origin; NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; AIAN = American Indian or Alaska Native. Race and Hispanic origin refer to the mother's race and Hispanic origin. The 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards for data on race and ethnicity were used to classify people into one of the following five racial groups: White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. All categories are single race. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected and reported separately. People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

NOTE: NH = non-Hispanic origin; AIAN = American Indian or Alaska Native; NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. The obstetric estimate of gestation at delivery is used to estimate the gestational age of a newborn. Infants born at less than 37 weeks of gestation are considered preterm. Race and Hispanic origin refer to the mother's race and Hispanic origin. The 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards for data on race and ethnicity were used to classify people into one of the following five racial groups: White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. All categories are single race. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected and reported separately. People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

NOTE: Infants born at less than 2,500 grams or 5 pounds, 8 ounces are considered low birthweight. Live births with unknown birthweight are excluded.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

NOTE: NH = non-Hispanic origin; AIAN = American Indian or Alaska Native; NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. The 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards for data on race and ethnicity were used to classify people into one of the following five racial groups: White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. All categories are single race. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected and reported separately. People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

NOTE: AIAN = American Indian or Alaska Native; NH = non-Hispanic origin; NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. The 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards for data on race and ethnicity were used to classify people into one of the following five racial groups: White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. All categories are single race. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected and reported separately. People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

NOTE: NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; NH = non-Hispanic origin; AIAN = American Indian or Alaska Native. Mother's weight immediately before pregnancy was reported by the mother via the question, "What was your prepregnancy weight, that is, your weight immediately before you became pregnant with this child?" Mother's height also was reported by the mother via the question, "What is your height?" The height and weight measurements are used to calculate the mother's body mass index (BMI)—a measure of body fat—as kg/m2 (703 x lbs/in2). A BMI of 30.0 and over before pregnancy is considered as obese. The 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards were used to classify people into one of the following five race groups: White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. All categories are single race. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected and reported separately. People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

NOTE: Mother's weight immediately before pregnancy was reported by the mother via the question, "What was your prepregnancy weight, that is, your weight immediately before you became pregnant with this child?" Mother's height also was reported by the mother via the question, "What is your height?" The height and weight measurements are used to calculate the mother's body mass index (BMI)—a measure of body fat—as kg/m2 (703 x lbs/in2). A BMI of 30.0 and above before pregnancy is considered obese.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

NOTE: AIAN = American Indian or Alaska Native; NH = non-Hispanic origin; NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. The 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards for data on race and ethnicity were used to classify people into one of the following five racial groups: White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. All categories are single race. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected and reported separately. People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

NOTE: The Office of Management and Budget classifies counties as within a metropolitan or a micropolitan statistical area. The remaining counties are not classified and are considered rural in this report. Rural counties may include small urban areas, as well as completely rural areas. Nonmetropolitan counties include counties in micropolitan statistical and rural areas.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality.

NOTE: NH = non-Hispanic origin; AIAN = American Indian or Alaska Native; NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. This measure is based on the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index (APNCU), which uses data from the birth certificate on the month of pregnancy when prenatal care began, the number of prenatal care visits, and the infant's gestational age to classify levels of prenatal care. The APNCU classifies care as intensive use (or adequate plus) and adequate care,⁵⁰ which are combined here to define adequate prenatal care that began by the 4th month of pregnancy and where the woman attended 80% or more of the expected number of visits. Race and Hispanic origin refer to the mother's race and Hispanic origin. The 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards for data on race and ethnicity were used to classify people into one of the following five racial groups: White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. All categories are single race. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected and reported separately. People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System – Natality.⁵¹

NOTE: This measure is based on the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index, which uses data from the birth certificate on the month of pregnancy when prenatal care began, the number of prenatal care visits, and the infant's gestational age to classify levels of prenatal care. The APNCU classifies care as intensive use (or adequate plus) and adequate care that are combined here to define adequate prenatal care,⁵⁰ which began by the 4th month of pregnancy and where the woman attended 80% or more of the expected number of visits.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System – Natality.⁵¹

NOTE: This measure is based on the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index, which uses data from the birth certificate on the month of pregnancy when prenatal care began, the number of prenatal care visits, and the infant's gestational age to classify levels of prenatal care. The APNCU classifies care as intensive use (or adequate plus) and adequate care,⁵⁰ which are combined here to define adequate prenatal care that began by the 4th month of pregnancy and where the woman attended 80% or more of the expected number of visits. The Office of Management and Budget identifies counties in metropolitan statistical areas (metropolitan). In this report, counties not in a metropolitan statistical area are considered nonmetropolitan.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System – Natality.⁵¹

NOTE: AIAN = American Indian or Alaska Native; NH = non-Hispanic origin; NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. Infant deaths are deaths before an infant's first birthday. Race and Hispanic origin refer to the mother's race and Hispanic origin. The 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards for data on race and ethnicity were used to classify people into one of the following five racial groups: White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. All categories are single race. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected and reported separately. People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set.

NOTE: Infant deaths are deaths before an infant's first birthday.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set.

NOTE: NH = non-Hispanic origin. Maternal mortality is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. The number of maternal deaths does not include all deaths occurring to pregnant or recently pregnant women; it only includes those with an underlying cause of death assigned to International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD), 10th Revision codes A34, O00–O95, and O98–O99. To address the underreporting of maternal deaths in vital statistics, a separate pregnancy checkbox item was added to the 2003 U.S. Standard Certificate of Death. The new death certificate was adopted by states and reporting areas on a rolling basis from 2003 to 2017. Starting in 2018, all states and reporting areas are using the new death certificate with the pregnancy checkbox (note that California has implemented a different version of the pregnancy checkbox). The 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards were used to classify people into one of the following five race groups: White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. All categories are single race. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected and reported separately. People of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality and Mortality.

NOTE: Maternal mortality is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. The number of maternal deaths does not include all deaths occurring to pregnant or recently pregnant women, but only deaths with the underlying cause of death assigned to International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes A34, O00–O95, and O98–O99. The Office of Management and Budget classifies counties as within a metropolitan or a micropolitan statistical area. To address the underreporting of maternal deaths in vital statistics, a separate pregnancy checkbox item was added to the 2003 U.S. Standard Certificate of Death. The new death certificate was adopted by states and reporting areas on a rolling basis from 2003 to 2017. Starting in 2018, all states and reporting areas are using the new death certificate with the pregnancy checkbox (note that California has implemented a different version of the pregnancy checkbox). The remaining counties are not classified and are considered rural in this report. Rural counties may include small urban areas, as well as completely rural areas. Nonmetropolitan counties include counties in micropolitan statistical and rural areas.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Natality and Mortality.

* Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level.

^a Comparison group.

NOTE: Details may not sum to totals because ofrounding. Only victims of crime who were female and between the ages of 18 and 49 at the time of the interview were asked whether they were pregnant at the time of the incident. From 2018 to 2022, the victim was pregnant in 313,730 violent victimizations, whereas there were 8.1 million violent victimizations where the victim was not pregnant. Victimization refers to the total number of times that persons were victims of crime. Therefore, if a person was a victim of both a robbery and simple assault during the time period, both incidents are included in estimates.

SOURCE: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018–22.

* Difference with comparison group is significant at the 95% confidence level.

^a Includes the subset of violent victimizations that were committed by current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends.

^b Includes violent victimizations for which victims received assistance from a victim service provider.

^c Comparison group.

NOTE: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding and because incident characteristics are not mutually exclusive. Only victims of crime who were female and between the ages of 18 and 49 at the time of the interview were asked whether they were pregnant at the time of the incident. See appendix table 2 for estimates and standard errors. From 2018 to 2022, the victim was pregnant in 313,730 violent victimizations, while there were 8.1 million violent victimizations where the victim was not pregnant.

SOURCE: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2018–22.