| Characteristic | 1980 | 1981 | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8th grade | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10.9 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 13.3 | 12.3 | 11.5 | 13.1 | 11.7 | 11.0 | 10.3 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 7.2 |
| Gender | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12.1 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 13.2 | 12.5 | 14.1 | 13.0 | 12.1 | 14.0 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 6.5 |
| Female | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9.6 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 12.4 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 12.0 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 9.4 | 9.9 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.8 |
| Race and Hispanic origina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11.2 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 13.2 | 13.3 | 12.3 | 12.6 | 13.0 | 11.9 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 9.6 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.1 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6.5 | 7.6 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 5.3 |
| Hispanic | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16.5 | 17.7 | 18.9 | 18.4 | 17.5 | 17.4 | 16.9 | 17.4 | 16.0 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 13.8 | 13.2 | 12.1 | 11.6 | 12.5 | 12.3 | 11.5 | 10.8 |
| 10th grade | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 21.0 | 19.1 | 21.0 | 21.9 | 22.0 | 22.8 | 23.1 | 22.4 | 23.5 | 24.1 | 22.8 | 20.3 | 20.0 | 19.9 | 19.0 | 19.9 | 19.6 | * | 17.5 | 16.3 |
| Gender | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24.1 | 21.5 | 24.1 | 26.4 | 24.1 | 25.1 | 26.3 | 24.7 | 27.4 | 27.6 | 26.1 | 21.6 | 21.1 | 21.6 | 19.9 | 21.0 | 20.9 | * | 18.8 | 17.9 |
| Female | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 18.1 | 17.0 | 17.7 | 17.3 | 19.7 | 20.4 | 20.1 | 20.4 | 20.0 | 20.6 | 19.7 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 18.1 | 17.9 | 18.9 | 18.3 | * | 16.1 | 14.6 |
| Race and Hispanic origina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 21.6 | 21.4 | 22.9 | 23.8 | 24.5 | 25.2 | 25.3 | 25.4 | 26.2 | 25.6 | 23.6 | 22.5 | 22.2 | 21.8 | 21.7 | 21.8 | * | 17.9 | 17.2 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12.3 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.1 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 10.0 | * | 9.8 | 10.7 |
| Hispanic | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 20.3 | 20.5 | 20.9 | 23.3 | 25.7 | 24.4 | 23.6 | 24.4 | 25.1 | 24.8 | 23.3 | 22.9 | 23.3 | 22.4 | 21.2 | 20.1 | * | 20.6 | 22.2 |
| 12th grade | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 41.2 | 41.4 | 40.5 | 40.8 | 38.7 | 36.7 | 36.8 | 37.5 | 34.7 | 33.0 | 32.2 | 29.8 | 27.9 | 27.5 | 28.2 | 29.8 | 30.2 | 31.3 | 31.5 | 30.8 | 30.0 | 29.7 | 28.6 | 27.9 | 29.2 | 27.1 | 25.4 | 25.9 | 24.6 | 25.2 | 23.2 |
| Gender | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 52.1 | 51.6 | 49.8 | 50.4 | 47.5 | 45.3 | 46.1 | 46.1 | 43.0 | 41.2 | 39.1 | 37.8 | 35.6 | 34.6 | 37.0 | 36.9 | 37.0 | 37.9 | 39.2 | 38.1 | 36.7 | 36.0 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.3 | 32.6 | 28.9 | 30.7 | 28.4 | 30.5 | 28.0 |
| Female | 30.5 | 30.8 | 31.1 | 31.0 | 29.6 | 28.2 | 28.1 | 29.2 | 26.5 | 24.9 | 24.4 | 21.2 | 20.3 | 20.7 | 20.2 | 23.0 | 23.5 | 24.4 | 24.0 | 23.6 | 23.5 | 23.7 | 23.0 | 22.1 | 24.2 | 21.6 | 21.5 | 21.5 | 21.3 | 20.2 | 18.4 |
| Race and Hispanic origina | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 44.3 | 44.9 | 44.9 | 44.5 | 43.6 | 41.5 | 40.3 | 40.9 | 40.0 | 37.9 | 36.6 | 34.6 | 32.1 | 31.3 | 31.5 | 32.3 | 33.4 | 35.1 | 36.4 | 35.7 | 34.6 | 34.5 | 33.7 | 32.4 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 30.4 | 29.7 | 29.9 | 29.0 | 27.6 |
| Black, non-hispanic | 17.7 | 17.1 | 17.1 | 18.3 | 17.2 | 15.7 | 16.4 | 15.8 | 15.2 | 15.7 | 14.4 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 12.6 | 14.4 | 14.9 | 15.3 | 13.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 11.5 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 10.9 | 12.0 | 13.1 |
| Hispanic | 33.1 | 34.8 | 32.9 | 32.5 | 33.0 | 31.7 | 30.8 | 33.0 | 33.7 | 28.8 | 25.6 | 27.9 | 31.0 | 27.2 | 24.3 | 26.6 | 27.1 | 27.6 | 28.1 | 29.3 | 31.0 | 28.4 | 26.4 | 25.9 | 26.0 | 23.9 | 23.3 | 22.5 | 21.5 | 22.6 | 22.1 |
| — Not available. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| * Data for 10th-graders for 2008 are not included because estimates are considered to be unreliable due to sampling error. See http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/data/09data.html#2009data-drugs. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a A 2-year moving average is presented, based on data from the year indicated and the previous year. Prior to 2005 respondents were asked to select the one category that they thought best described them, making Hispanic identification one of the mutually exclusive categories that could be chosen. After 2005 respondents could select multiple categories, some of which are for Hispanic subgroups, but only respondents selecting a single answer are included in the data reported. Approximately 6% gave multiple choices and were excluded. In 2005 specifically, half of the sample received the earlier version of the question and half the later one, and their data were combined. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| NOTE: Data for 8th- and 10th-graders for all years have been revised since previous publication in America's Children due to revisions in data processing methods. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SOURCE: Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., and Schulenberg, J.E. (forthcoming, 2011). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2010: Volume I, Secondary school students. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
