Table ED2.C Mathematics and reading achievement: Average reading scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-graders by child and family characteristics, selected years 1992

Table ED2.C Mathematics and reading achievement: Average reading scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-graders by child and family characteristics, selected years 1992–2011

Characteristic	1992^a	1994^a	1998^a	1998	2000	2002	2003	2005	2007	2009	2011
4th-graders
Total	217	214	217	215	213	219	218	219	221	221	221
Gender
Male	213	209	214	212	208	215	215	216	218	218	218
Female	221	220	220	217	219	222	222	222	224	224	225
Race and Hispanic origin^b
White, non-Hispanic	224	224	226	225	224	229	229	229	231	230	231
Black, non-Hispanic	192	185	193	193	190	199	198	200	203	205	205
American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic	—	211	—	—	214	207	202	204	203	204	202
Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic	216	220	221	215	225	224	226	229	232	235	235
Hispanic	197	188	195	193	190	201	200	203	205	205	206
8th-graders
Total	260	260	264	263	—	264	263	262	263	264	265
Gender
Male	254	252	257	256	—	260	258	257	258	259	261
Female	267	267	270	270	—	269	269	267	268	269	270
Race and Hispanic origin^b
White, non-Hispanic	267	267	271	270	—	272	272	271	272	273	274
Black, non-Hispanic	237	236	243	244	—	245	244	243	245	246	249
American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic	—	248	—	—	—	250	246	249	247	251	252
Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic	268	265	267	264	—	267	270	271	271	274	275
Hispanic	241	243	245	243	—	247	245	246	247	249	252
Parents' education
Less than high school	243	238	243	242	—	248	245	244	245	248	248
High school diploma or equivalent	251	252	254	254	—	257	254	252	253	254	254
Some education after high school	265	266	269	268	—	268	267	265	266	267	267
Bachelor's degree or higher	271	270	274	273	—	274	273	272	273	274	275
12th-graders
Total	292	287	291	290	—	287	—	286	—	288	—
Gender
Male	287	280	283	282	—	279	—	279	—	282	—
Female	297	294	298	298	—	295	—	292	—	294	—
Race and Hispanic origin^b
White, non-Hispanic	297	293	297	297	—	292	—	293	—	296	—
Black, non-Hispanic	273	265	271	269	—	267	—	267	—	269	—
American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic	—	274	—	—	—	—	—	279	—	283	—
Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic	290	278	288	287	—	286	—	287	—	298	—
Hispanic	279	270	276	275	—	273	—	272	—	274	—
Parents' education
Less than high school	275	266	268	268	—	268	—	268	—	269	—
High school diploma or equivalent	283	277	280	279	—	278	—	274	—	276	—
Some education after high school	294	289	292	291	—	289	—	287	—	287	—
Bachelor's degree or higher	301	298	301	300	—	296	—	297	—	299	—
— Not available.
^a Testing accommodations (e.g., extended time, small group testing) for children with disabilities and limited-English-proficient students were not permitted.
^b For data before 2003, the 1977 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Standards for Data on Race and Ethnicity were used to classify persons into one of the following four racial groups: White, Black, American Indian or Alaskan Native, or Asian or Pacific Islander. The revised 1997 OMB standards were used for data from 2003 onward. Persons could select one or more of five racial groups: White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. Included in the total but not shown separately are respondents reporting “Two or more races.” Beginning in 2003, those in a given racial category represent those reporting only that race. Data from 2003 onward are not directly comparable with data from earlier years. For continuity purposes, in later years where separate reporting was possible, respondents who reported being Asian or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander were combined. Data on race and Hispanic origin are collected separately. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
NOTE: In 2000, the assessment was only conducted at grade 4. In 2003, 2007, and 2011, the assessment was only conducted at grades 4 and 8. Parents’ education is the highest educational attainment of either parent. Data on parents’ education are not reliable for 4th-graders.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress.